

STUDENTS’ EDITION 
PRICE 35 CTS. 



PUBLISHED BY 






THE J. J. KRAPS CO. 
SALEM, OREGON 





B 



MIS Pi 

mi M B 



HI 

■ ’*4^ ■ ■ 






































































































































































































































































3 






\ MANUAL OF 


CD VE C 




Student’s Edition 



Published By 

The J. J. KRAPS CO. 


SALEM, 


OREGON 




















Copyright 1922 
BY 

The J. J. Kraps Co. 


Copyright 1922 

BY 

THE J. J. KRAPS CO. 


©CI.Afi86t)l9 

OCT-2‘22 

/uo / 




irtnnnr6 


ps yrsTTTTs rsiy eiry roirry Yimnry TTSTWif 



The great art of all arts, and the one least prized is ability 
to express one’s thoughts in clear and correct language. This, to¬ 
gether with the lack of power to get knowledge from the printed 
page, is a great weakness of most pupils in our schools, and of many 
teachers. 

"Exact teaching cultivates clear thinking and exact 
expression on the part of pupils. Indifferent teaching 
encourages careless thinking and slovenly expression.” 

(J. N. Patrick.) 

This manual is intended for supplementary work, and will 
be an excellent aid in all reviews. 



JIA JUUULJLaiLQJLSJlA ILOJLQJl Q 












2 


\ or CIVICS 


1. Define city. 

A city is a thickly settled community having a special 
form of government under a charier from the State. 

2. Name three causes of the growth of cities. 

1 . The development of the factory system. 

2. The increased use of machinery. 

3. Railroads. 
f3. Define government. 

Government is the authority which imposes rules upon 
the conduct of men, and punishes those who disobey. 

Also see state text. 

4. Define sovereignty. 

Sovereignty is the supreme and unlimited power to form 
and administer government. 

5. Define constitution. 

Constitution is the supreme law of the land. 

G. Explain two kinds of constitution. 

1. Written—A fundamental law expressing the most vi¬ 
tal facts about the form and powers of its government. 

2. Unwritten —Composed chiefly of political documents, 
customs handed down from the past, etc. 

7. Name the different forms of national government. 

1. Monarchy: Government hy one person. 

2. Oligarchy: Government by a few persons. 

8. Aristocracy: Government hy the wealthy. 

A. Democracy: Government by the people. 

5. Republic: Government hy the people through representa¬ 
tives whom they elect. 

8. Define confederation. 

A government in which the central power is relatively 
weak. 

9. Define federation. 

A government in which the central power is extensive 
and strong. 



A Mi\Nl)i\L OF CIVICS 


3 


10. Name three departments of government. 

1. Legislative, or law making. 

2. Executive, or law enforcing. 

3. Judicial, or law interpreting. 

11. Define citizen. 

Any person born or naturalized in the United States is a 
citizen of the United States. 

12. Define alien. 

An alien is a foreign born resident of a country who has 
not given allegiance to its government. 

13. Name the five ways by which persons have received Ameri¬ 
can citizenship. 

1. By birth in the United States. 

2. By being born of American parents who were living 
abroad.' 

3. By naturalization. 

4. By marriage. 

5. By annexation. 

14. Describe the process of naturalization. 

1. Go before a.state or federal court and formally declare 
his intention of becoming a citizen. 

2. Not less than two years thereafter, and after five 
years’ residence take the oath of allegiance. 

15. Name the three general rights of American citizens. 

1. The right to personal security. 

2. The right to personal liberty. 

3. The right to private property. 

16. Define habeas corpus. 

A written order that a person be brought before a court 
to inquire into the cause of his imprisonment. 

17. Define eminent domain. 

The right to take private property for public use. 

18. Define civic center. 

A group of public buildings such as a court house, city 


\ OF CIVICS 


hall, post office or library etc. 

19. Describe zoning a city. 

Setting apart certain districts for each industry. 

20. Define franchise. 

1. The right of voting. 

2. Freedom from servitude. 

3. Some special privilege granted. 

THE MECHANISM OF OUR GOVERNMENT 

1. Why have political parties*^ 

Because one man is not able to affect the opinions of very 
many other people by an expression of his own views. 

2. Define platform. 

It is a formal declaration of the principles of a party, and 
a statement of the issues for which it stands in the cam¬ 
paign. 

3. Define caucus. 

A meeting composed of the members of a legislative body 
who are of the same party, and assembled for party pur¬ 
poses. 

4. Define convention. 

An assembly of the voters of a body either in person or by 
representatives, called delegates. 

5. What does nominate mean? 

To name. 

6. Explain direct primary in Oregon. 

In May the voters go to a primary meeting, which is man¬ 
aged in practically the same way as a regular election and 
vote directly for the candidate whom they wish to repre¬ 
sent ihetrparit/ at the uext election. 

7. Who has the right to vote in Oregon? 

Every citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty- 
one years and upward who shall have resided in the state 


\ IWAINDAl Of CIVICS 


5 


(hiring tlie six montlis immediately preceding such 
election. 

8. Define campaign. 

Political operations preceding an election. 

9. Define initiative; referendum; recall; short ballot; prefer¬ 
ential ballot. 

Initiative is a power reserved to the people by which e/qht 
per ceni of the legal voters shall have the right to propose 
any measure (bill) and f/fteon per cent the right to pro¬ 
pose amendments to the constitution. 

Referendum is the power reserved to the peo de of passing 
on laws passed by the legislature (except as to laws neces¬ 
sary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, 
health, or safety.) It may be ordered either by Aveper 
cent of the legal voters, or by the legislature. 

'The Recall is a device to give the people complete control 
over the officers whom they elect, by choosing others, on 
demand of twentp-Ave per cent of their electors who voted 
at the preceding election for justice of the supreme court. 
Short ballot is the idea that the voters should elect only a 
few officers and should hold them responsible for appoint¬ 
ing the rest. 

The preferential ballot permits a voter to indicate his sec¬ 
ond, tliird, or fourth choice. 

10. State the qualifications of senators. 

Age, thirty years; citizen, nine years, and a resident of 
ihe state which he represents. 

11. State the qualifications of representatives. 

Age, twenty-five years; citizcm sevcm years, inhabitant of 
the state he represents. 

12. IJovv many senators have we? 
iNinety-six: two from each state. 

How many representatives have we? 

Four hundred thirty-live. 


lo. 


6 


A MAINUAl OF CIVICS 


14. Wliat number of population is required for each representa¬ 
tive? 

212,000. 

15. Define conffress^nan-ai-iar^e. 

One chosen by the voters of the whole state. 

10. Define gerrymander. 

To mark off congressional districts in a way that is grossly 
unfair to the minority party. 

17. What is the salary of senators and representatives? 

$7,500, $125 for stationery, and 20 cents per mile for 
traveling expenses to and from Congress. 

18. Wliat is the number of the present (1920) Congress? 

The sixty-sixth. 

19. How many sessions in a Congress? 

Two. 1. A long session begins on the first Monday in 
December of odd years, and may (continue an entire year. 

2. A short session begins on the first Monday in 
December and must close at noon on the 4th of next 
March. 

20. What constitutes a quorum in Congress? A majority? 

More than half. 

21. Define Congressional record. 

It is a journal of the proceedings of each house. 

22. Define filibustering. 

It consists of indefinite talking, and doing many other 
things merely to take up time. 

23. Name the officers of the Senate. 

The Vice President is the presiding officer. Other officers 
are secretary, doorkeeper, postmaster, chaplain and ser¬ 
geant-at-arms. 

24. Name the officers of the House. 

The presiding offi(;er is the speaker, elected by the House. 
The other officers are the same as in the Senate. 

25. Name five powers of Congress. 

1. To borrow money on the credit of United States. 


A MANUAL or CIVICS 


7 


2. To declare war. 

3. To provide and maintain a navy. 

4. To establish postoffices and post roads. 

5. To coin money and regulate the value thereof. 

26. Name three sole powers of the Senate. 

1. To choose their own officers. 

2. To try all impeachments. 

3. To elect the Vice President. (When?) 

27. Name three sole powers of the House. 

1. To impeach. 

2. To choose their own officers. 

3. To elect a President. (When?) 

4. To originate bills for raising revenue. 

28. Name three joint powers of the Senate. 

1. To make treaties. 

2. To appoint ambassadors. 

3. To appoint a day for adjournment. 

29. Name three powers denied to United States. 

1. No bill of attainder, or ex-post facto law shall be 
passed. 

2. No title of nobility shall he granted. 

3. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported 
from any State. 

30. Name three powers denied to the States. 

1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con¬ 
federation. 

2. No State shall coin money, or grant any title of no¬ 
bility. 

3. No State shall pass any bill of attainder. 

31. Name the powers reserved to tlie States. 

See article X. of Constitution. 

32. Explain in full how a bill becomes a law. 

Since the same general course of procedure is followed, whether 
the bill originates first in the House or in the Senate, it will make but 
little difference where we begin. If it comes up first in the House it is 
sent by a member to the clerk: when the Speaker receives it he calls 


5 


A MANDAr OF CIVICS 


ont the title. Tt is then recorded, given a serial number, and ordered 
printed, after which it is referred by tlie Speaker to the House com¬ 
mittee having charge of that particular kind of legislation. But if it 
is a bill which was not introduced by an individual member, but 
which was framed and brought forward by a committee, it may be as¬ 
signed a place on the calendar and voted on without being referred to 
a committee. Here it may be pigeon-holed, or it may be reported un¬ 
favorably. If fortunate enough to secure the favorable report of the 
committee, it is returned to the clerk, and the Speaker announces the 
fact. 

It is then put on the calendar and may be called up at any time 
by a member. After it has been read three times, “by title” it comes 
up for final passage: that is, a vote is taken on the question, “Shall 
the bill be passed?” If it fails to secure a majority, it is dead. If 
passed, it is sent by messenger to the Senate, where it is received by 
the clerk, and announced by the President of the Senate. After record 
lias been made it is referred to the proper legislative committee of the 
Senate, where it has to face the same kind of dangers once more. From 
here, (he movement is the same as in the House, and if pas.^ed l)y a 
majority vote, after being signed l)y the Speaker of the House, and by 
the President of the Senate, it is sent by messenger to the President. 
He may either sign it, which makes it a valid law, or he may veto it 
or hold it ten days, or kill it by “pocket veto,” which means a holding 
of the bill until Coiigre.ss adjourns, providing it does so within ten days 
after he has received it. 

If vetoed, it is sent by the President together with his objections, 
to the house in whicdi it originated, which, we will suppose, is the 
House of Representatives. If it here receives a two-thirds vote it is 
sent on to the Senate with ilie President’s objections, and if passed by 
a two-thirds vote it goes back to the House with a notice of the Sen¬ 
ate's concurrence. Then the bill is enrolled, engrossed, printed on 
parchment, and signed by the Speaker and the President of the kS^^n- 
ate, when it is naidy for record by the kSecretary of State and for pub¬ 
lication. All bills that are passed must thus pass through the Secre¬ 
tary’s hands before becoming operative. These are valid laws, and 


A MANUAL OF CIVICS 


9 


they remain in force until repealed, or until declared unconstitutional 
by the Supreme Court. 

In case the bill originates in the Senate, then the movement 
through the two houses is reversed. Complications may arise, as when 
a bill passed by one house is amended by the other and on being sent 
back the first house may refuse to concur in the amendments. In such 
cases a joint committee of the two houses is sometimes appointed for 
conference on matters of difference, and if they agree they report to 
both houses. In this way the bill was finally agreed to which brought 
on the late war with Spain. 

33. In how many ways may a bill be killed? 

1. It may be pigeon-holed in the committee room.^ 

2. It may be reported unfavorably by the committee. 

3. It may fail to pass the House. 

4. It may fail to pass the Senate. 

5. It may be vetoed in two ways. 

(). It may fail to pass over the veto. 

31. How may amendments to the Constitution be proposed? 

1. By a two-thirds vote of both Houses of Congress. 

2. By a Convention summoned by Congress at the request 
of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the States. 

35. How may they be ratified? 

1. By three-fourths vote of the States through their 
State Legislatures. 

2. By three-fourths of the States through conventions 
specially called for the purpose. 

36. What parts of the Constitution cannot be amended? 

1. The clause regarding the importation of slaves. 

2. The clause regarding the laying of direct taxes. 

3. No State shall be deprived of its two Senators without 
its own consent. 

37. Is the Lresident’s signature necessary to an amendment? 

No. 

38. How many committees in the House of Representatives? 


10 


\ MAINDAI OF CIVICS 


Sixty or more. 

89. How are they chosen? 

By the House. 

40. Name Die important committees. 

1. Committee on rules' 

2. Committee on wa.ys and means.' 

3 Committee on appropriations. 

41. How many committees in tlie Senate'^ 

Seventy-five or more. 

42. Name the three most important. 

Those on finance, on appropriations, on foreign affairs. 

43. Name the difl'erent modes of voting in Congress. 

1. The Senate always votes by yeas and nays. 

2. The House votes in several dilferent ways. The 

most common is viva voce. If in doubt the Speaker asks 
the members to rise. If his decision is questioned he ap¬ 
points two tellers, or counters, who count the members 
as they pass between the tellers; this is called a division. 

44. When does the term of a Representative begin? 

On the 4th of March following his election. 

45. When does he take his seat? 

Not till a year from the December following his election 
— (unless in case of an extra session.) 

40. What is the smallest number that may adjourn from time to 
time? 

In the House fifteen ; in the Senate no fixed number. 

47. What are Congressional Districts? 

The Stale Legislatures divide their States into districts 
(•corresponding to the nundierof Representatives to which 
they are entitled. These divisions are called Congres¬ 
sional Districts. 

4(S. Is the Vdce President a member of the Senate? No. 


\ Mi\INl]i\L OF CIVICS 


II 


49. Is the Speaker a member of the House‘s Yes. 

EXECUTIVE 

50. What are the qualifications for President? 

Must he thirty-five years old, a native born citizen, and 
fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

51. Briefly describe the manner of his election. 

On the Tuesday after the first Monday in November the 
people of each State elect as many electors as they have 
Senators and Representatives. On the second Monday in 
January the electors of each State meet at the State Cap¬ 
ital and vote for President and Vice President. They 
make, sign, certify and seal three separate lists of their 
votes: they send two lists to the President of the United 
States Senate—one by mail and the other by special mes¬ 
senger—and file the remaining list with the Judge of the 
United States District Court of the district in which the 
electors meet. On the second Wednesday in February 
the United States Senate and House of Representatives 
meet in joint session and count the electoral votes, and 
the person receiving a majority of votes for President is 
elected. 

5*2. When is he inaugurated? March 4. 

53. State his salary and length of term. 

Salarj^ $75,000; term four years. 

51. What is his official residence? 

In the White House at Washington. 

55. What is his term of office called? An administration. 

50. What is the order of succession in case of a vacancy? 

11) Vice President, (2) Secretary of State; (3) Secretary 
of the Treasury; (4) Secretary of War; (5) Attorney 
General; (6) Postmaster General; (7) Secretary of the 
Navy; (8) Secretary of the Interior. 

What is the chief duty of the President? 


57 . 


12 


\ MiVINUAl OF CIVICS 


To take care that the laws be faithfully executed. 

58 Name three other duties. 

1. To send a message to Congress. 

2. To receive ambassadors and ministers. 

3. To commission United States officers. 

59. Name three sole powers of the President. 

1. To veto bills. 

2. To grant reprieves and pardons. (When?) 

3. To call Congress in extra session. 

60. Name three joint powers of the President. 

1. To make treaties. 

2. To make certain appointments. (Name them.) 

3. To makejlaws. 

61. Name three ways by which his office may be made vacant. 

By death, resignation, and impeachment. 

62. How are presidential electors chosen? 

By direct vote of the people. 

63. What was the original inten'i )n in regard to these electors? 

That they were to be independent in their choice of Pres¬ 
ident. 

64. Is this the case? 

No. They merely register the choice of the people. 

65. Must they vote for the choice of the people'? No. 

66. By Section I., Clause 3, the person having the highest num¬ 
ber of votes, if a majority, should be Pn^sident; and the per¬ 
son receiving the next highest number should be Vice Presi¬ 
dent. Mention an objection. 

The President and Vice President would probably be of 
different parties. 

67. How was this corrected? 

By the 12th amendment. 

68. If the electors fail to elect a President, bow is the choice 
made? 

The House of Representatives choose. 


\ MIVINUilL OF CIVICS 


15 


09. How often has this been done? 

Twice: In 1800—Jefferson and Burr. In 1825—John 
Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. 

70. How was tlie Hayes-Tilden election settled? 

It was not taken to the House. It was decided by an 
electoral commission consisting of five Senators, five Rep¬ 
resentatives, and five Judges of the Supreme Court. 

71. Who cliooses the Vice President if the electoral college fail of 
a choice? The Senate. 

72. Has this thing ever occurred? 

Yes. In the case of R. M. Johnson, in 1836. 

73. What tliree classes of powers has the President? 

1. Legislative —He may call extra sessions of Congress; 
he may present regular bills in Congress; he may 
veto bills. 

2. Executive- He sees that the laws are enforced. 

3. Judicial—He appoints judicial officers. 

74. Can the President appoint his cabinet officers without the 
consent of the Sen ateNo. 

75. Can he remove them without the consent of the Senate? 

Yes. 

76. What about the Tenure of Office bill? It has been repealed. 

77. W'liat is tlie President’s message? 

It is a written statement presenting an outline history of 
the Oovernment for the year, with the President’s views 
and recommendations. 

78. When, and to whom presented? 

It is sent to Congress at the opening of the annual session. 

79. What are the duties of the Vice President? 

To preside over the Senate. 

80. What temporary reservation was made relative to birth ? 
Any citizen of the United States at the time of the adop¬ 
tion of the Constitution was eligible to the office of Presi¬ 
dent. 

What is meant by impeachment? It means to accuse. 


81. 


14 


A MAINDAl OF CIVICS 


82. Was President Johnson impeached? Yes. 

83. Wns he convicted? No. 

84. What is the punishment in case of conviction? 

Disbarment of holdiiig any office of trust under the Gov¬ 
ernment. 

85. Wlio is now President? Vice President? 

8(). When does his time expire? 

87. To what party does he belong? 

PRESIDENT’S CABINET. 

1. Was the Cabinet created by the Constitution? 

No; merely a custom of Washington. 

2. How chosen, and what is their salary? 

By the President, vvitli consent of Senate; $12,000. 

3. Must the President take their advice? No. 

4. Who alone has power to remove them? 

The President. 

5. By what other names are they often called? 

Heads of Departments. 

0. What are sub-divisions of departments called? Bureaus. 

7. Does Congress control them in any way? No. 

8. Are they always of the same party as the President? 

Almost invariably. 

9. Give a reason why it should be so. 

Because he and his party are responsible for their acts. 

10. What is the chief duty of the Secretary of State? 

The conduct of foreigii affairs. He also keeps the great 
seal of the United States. 

11. What department had charge of Peary’s expedition? War. 
P2. What department improves harbors and rivers? War. 

13. What department has charge of the Naval Academy at An¬ 
napolis? Navy. 

14. Of the Military Academy at West Point? War. 

15. What departme!it has charge of pensions? Interior. Of 


\ MHINUilL OF CIVICS 


15 


patents? Interior. 

16. What department has charge of meat inspection? Agricul¬ 
ture. Of the weather bureau.^ Agriculture. 

17. What department has charge of lighthouses? Commerce. Of 
immigration? Commerce. The census? Commerce. Of Chi¬ 
nese exclusion? Commerce. 

18. I want a passport to travel in foreign lands; to whom shall I 
apply? 

Secietary of State. 

19. In what way does the Department of State conduct the for¬ 
eign affairs? 

First; Through the Diplomatic Service. 

Second: Through the Consular Service. 

Of what does the diplomatic service consist? 

1. Ambassadors. 

2. Envoys extraordinary. 

8. Ministers plenipotentiary. 

4. Ministers resident. 

20. What are these officers called? Ministers. 

21. What is their salary? 

The first three receive from seven thousand five hundred 
dollars to seventeen thousand five hundred each. Min¬ 
isters resident receive from four thousand dollars to seven 
thousand dollars each. 

28. What ones receive the highest salary? 

Those accredited to Great Britain, Germany, France and 
Russia. 

24. What are commissioners? 

They are ministers sent to foreign countries on special 
service, as to make treaties, etc. 

25. What does the Consular service include? 

It includes more than three hundred consuls who reside at 
principal cities in foreign countries. 

26. What are their chief duties? 

To enforce the commercial laws and to protect the rights 


16 


A MANlAl OF CIVICS 


of American citizens. 

27. What is their salary? 

It ranges from one thousand dollars to six thousand dol¬ 
lars. 

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

28. Why have it? 

To interpret the laws and treaties of the United States. 

29. How many grades of courts are there? 

1. The Supreme Court. 

2. Nine Circuit Courts. 

8. Nine Circuit Courts of Appeal, 

4. Ninety District Courts. 

OTHER COURTS. 

There is also a Court of Claims, Territorial Courts, and a 
Court of the District of Columbia. 

30. What two kinds of jurisdiction has the Supreme Court'? 

Original and Appellate. 

31. Name three classes of cases in which it has Original juris¬ 
diction. 

1. All cases affecting Ambassadors and other public 
ministers. 

2. To controversies in which the United States is a 
party. 

3. To controversies between two States. 

32. What do you understand by Appellate Jurisdiction? 

It applies to cases appealed from the lower courts. 

33. For what purpose may a case be appealed to the Supreme 
Court? 

To see if it is according to the Constitution. 

81. How are the Judges of the Supreme Court chosen? 

By the President and the Senate. 

8-5. What length of term? 

During good behavior. 

36. What is their salary? 



\ MUINUAL OF CIVICS 


17 


37. 


38. 


39. 

40. 


41. 


42. 


43. 


41 . 


Tlie Chief .JuRtice receives $14,500. The eight Associate 
Judges each $14,000. 

Why pay them so high a salary? 

Ill order that they may be above the temptation of 
bribery. 

What provision is made for their old age? 

Each may retire at seventy on full pay, provided he has 
served ten years. 

How often does the Supreme Court meet? 

Once, at Washington, beginning on the second Monday in 
October. 

Explain the Circuit Courts. 

Tlie United States is divided into nine judicial circuits, in 
each of which court is held annually. To each is allotted 
one justice of the Supreme Court, and each has in addi¬ 
tion at least two Circuit Judges receiving a salary of 
$7,000 each. 

In what Judicial Circuit is Oregon? 

Ninth, which includes Alaska, Arizona, California, Idaho, 
Montana, Nevada, Washington and Hawaii. 

Explain the Circuit Court of Appeals. 

It is com*posed of judges of the other courts. All cases of 
appeals from District and Circuit Courts are taken directly 
to it, excepting in five cases. 

Explain the District Courts. 

The judges each receive $6,000. They have charge of 
Admiralty and Maritime cases, and of crimes against tlie 
United States and punishable by death. Each district is 
provided with a United States Marshall. 

Explain the Court of Claims, 

It consists of a Chief Justice whose salary is $6,500, and 
four Associate Justices, each with a salary of $6000. It 
holds an annual session at Washington, and deals with 
the claims of private persons against the Federal Govern- 


15 


A MANUAL OF CIVICS 


— - nrn-. 


1 


ment. 

45. Name two otlier courts. 

1. Supreme Court of District of Columbia. 

2. Territorial Courts. 

46. How may judges of United States Courts be removed? 

Only by impeachment. 

47. Mention three important comn}issions deserving special men¬ 
tion . 

1. Interstate Commerce Commission, consisting of nine 
members, salary $10,000 a year. 

2. Civil Service Commission, has three members, ap¬ 
pointed by the President. 

8. Federal Trade Commission, has five members with 
terms of seven years. 

48. Mention some special institutions with headquarters in Wash¬ 
ington City. 

1. Library of Congress, with 2,000,000 volumes. 

2. Smithsonian Institute and National Museum. 

8. The Government Printing Office, largest in the world. 
4. I5in American Union, gives information about tin? 
countries of the New World. 

49. Define treason. 

Treason consists in levying war against the United States, 
or a State, (^r in adhering to their enemies, giving them 
aid and comfort. 

50. How are persons convicted of treason? 

1. On the testimony of two witnesses. 

2. Confession in open court. 

51. Who fixes the punishment for treason? 

Congress. 

52. What is the punishment? 

Death by hanging. 

53. How many amendments were proposed to the Constitution at 

its first Congress? 


A MANUAL OF CIVICS 


19 


Twelve; and ten were promptly ratified. 

54. By what names are these ten amendments often called? 

Bill of Rights. 

55. Name the last six amendments. 

Xlllth, which liberated the slaves. 

XIVth, which gave them citizenship. 

XVth, which gave them the right to vote. 

XVIth, Income tax. 

XVIIth, Election of Senators by the people. 

XVIIIth, Prohibition. 

56. What will probably be the next amendment? 

Woman suffrage. 

57. What is meant by the unwritten constitution? 

It is the part that is supposed to be implied in the writ 
ten. 

58. Name an act performed under the unwritten constitution. 

Creation of President’s Cabinet. 

59. Why have territories? 

To prepare for statehood. 

60. Name six States besides the original thirteen that never were 
territories. 

Vermont, Kentucky, Maine, Texas, California, and West 
Virginia. 

61. Name two States that were carved out of other States. 

Maine and West Virginia. 

62. Name some present day territories. 

Hawaii and Alaska. 

63. Name some of our Colonial Possessions. 

Porto Rico, Pliilippines, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. 

64. How is the District of Columbia governed? 

By Congress and the President, who appoints its three 
com missioners. 

65. Mention some States to which we liold the relation of pro¬ 
tectorate. 

Cuba, Sa)ito Domingo, Hayti, Panama and Nicaraugua. 


20 


\ MAINllllL OF CIVICS 


STATE GOVERNMENTS. 

1. What two of the thirteen colonies retained their charters for 
State constitutions? 

Connecticutt and Rliode Island. 

2. Name the general divisions of State constitutions. 

1. ^ A hill of rights. 

2. An explanation of the frame of government. 

8. Provisions relating to the administration of the vState 
government. 

4. A statement of the conditions under which the consti¬ 
tution will go into effect. 

3. Name the departments of (Oregon) State government. 

1. Legislative—State [legislature. 

2. Executive —Governor. 

Judicial—State Courts. 

4. Of what is the Legislative Department composed? 

A Senate and a House of Representatives. 

5. How many members in each? 

The Senate is composed of thirty members, and tiie 
House of Representatives of sixty. 

(3. What are the qualifications of each? 

Senators and Representatives must he tiventy-one years 
of age, must he citizens of the United States, and 
must luive resided in the district from which tliey are 
chosen for at least one year next preceding their election. 

7. What is the term of ofhce of each? 

The Senators are elected for four years, and the Represen¬ 
tatives for two years. The Senators are divided into two 
equal classes, so that one-half are chosen biennially* 

8. When does the Legislature meet? 

On the second Monday in January of every odd year. 

9. What is the length of the session? 

.'.rr.'' 


A MAINliU OF CIVICS 


21 


Regular session usually forty clays; extra session not to 
exceed twenty. 

10. What is the salary of each? 

Three dollars per day, and fifteen cents mileage in going 
and coming. The presiding officers receive five dollars 
per day. 

11. What number constitutes a quorum? 

Ihvo-thirds of each house. 

12. What bills must originate in the House of Representatives? 

Bills for raising revenue. 

13. How long before a law goes into effect? 

Ninety days after adjournment, unless its preamble con¬ 
tains an emergency clause, when it becomes iminediatcdy 
operative. 

14. Can the number of Senators or Representatives be increased? 

No. 

15. How are vacancies in the Senate and House filled? 

The Governor issues writs of election. 

10. In whom is the chief executive power of the State vested? 

The Governor, who holds his office for a term of four 
years. 

17. What are the qualifications for Governor? 

He must be at least thirty years old, a citizen of the 
United States, and have resided within the State at least 
three years next preceding his election. 

18. For how many years may he hold office? 

Not more than eight in any period of twelve years. 

19. Who elects the Governor? 

The qualified voters. 

20. Is he elected by a majority or a plurality? Plurality. 

21. What is done in case of a tie? 

The Legislature decides. 

22. When does the Governor take his seat? 

On the second Monday in .January. 

23. What is his salary? $5,000. 


22 


\ MAINllAl OF CIVICS 


24. Name three of his duties. 

1. To see that the laws are faithfully executed. 

2. To keep the Legislature informed of the condition of 
the State, and 

3. To make recommendations. 

25. Name three of his powers. 

1. To reprieve, commute, and pardon. 

2. To veto bills. 

3. To call extra sessions of the Legislature. 

26. What other positions does he fill? 

1. He is commander in Chief of the militia. 

2. He is Chairman of the State Board of Education, and 
of the State Board of Land Commissioners. 

27. Who succeeds the Governor in case of removal from office? 

Secretary of State and President of the Senate. 

28. Name the Administrative officers. 

1. Secretary of State. 

2. Treasurer of State. 

3. Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

4. Attorney General. 

5. State Printer. 

29. Name three duties of the Secretary of State. 

1. To act as Secretary of the Legislature. 

2. To audit public accounts. 

3. To keep the seal of the State. 

30. What is the length of term of the Administrative officers? 

Four years. 

31. In what is the judicial power of the State vested? 

In a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and County Courts. 

32. Of what does the Supreme Court consist? 

It consists of seven Justices, and holds two terms at Sa¬ 
lem and one at Pendleton each year. 

33. What jurisdiction has it? 

Only to revise the final decisions of the Circuit Court. 


\ MUINll/iL OF CIVICS 


25 


34. What are the qualifications? 

He must be a citizen of the United States, must have re¬ 
sided in the State three years next preceding his election, 
and after election reside in his district. . 

35. What length of term, salary, and how chosen? 

Six years, salary $5,250, chosen by electors of the State. 

36. Vacancies^ how filled? 

By elections unless the term would expire at the next 
election, in which case the Governor appoints. 

37. Can appeals be taken from the Supreme Court of the State to 
the Supreme Court of the United States? 

Only in matters involving the Constitution or laws of the 
State. 

38. How^many Circuit Courts are there? 

Twenty, each of which comprises one or more counties. 

39. What is the term of office, and salary of the Circuit Judges? 

Six years. Salary $4,000, except for Multnomah county, 
which are $5,000. 

40. When did Oregon become a Territory? In 1848. 

41. When did it become a State? In 1859. 

42. Give the preamble to the Constitution of Oregon. 

We, the people of the State of Oregon, to the end that jus¬ 
tice be established, order maintained, and liberty per¬ 
petuated, do ordain this Constitution. 

43. Define plaintiff; defendant. 

Plaintiff, the one who brings the charges. Defendant, the 
one who is sued. 

44. Define writ of mandamus. 

An order to a public officer, person, or corporation to at¬ 
tend to some neglected duty. 

45. Define injunction. 

An order to a person, or body of persons, not to perform 
some improper act. 

46. Define statute of limitations. 


24 


iV MiVNUAl OF CIVICS 


A. law requiring prosecutions to be brought within a cer¬ 
tain time after the act has been committed. 

47. Give three reasons for creating counties and townships. 

1. To make it easier to manage the business of the State. 

2. To hold Gourts and punish law breakers. 

8. To give better attention to the local needs of the peo¬ 
ple. 

48. Name the departments of County government. 

1. Legislative—County Commissioners. 

2. Executive—Sheriff, Clerk, Treasurer. 

8. Judicial—County Judge. 

49. Learn the names of the County officers. 

See Blue Book. 

50. Name three duties of the County Judge. 

1. To take charge of the insane. 

2. To probate wills. 

o. To preside at the O'unty Court. 

51. Who compose the County Court? 

1. The County Judge and County Commissioners. 

52. Name three ijowers of the County Court. 

1. I'o divide the county into election precincts, and jus¬ 
tice of the peace, and constable districts. 

2. 4\) provide for the maintenance of paupers. 

3. To determine the rate of taxation. 

53. \Adiat civil cases may come before the County Judge? 

Those involving not more than $500. 

51. Name the duties of the Sheriff. 

1. To arrest law breakers. 

2. To quell riots. 

3. To collect taxes. 

55. Name three duties of the County Clerk. 

1. To act as Secretary at the County Court. 

2. To issue marriage licences. 

3. To administer oaths to witnesses and jurors. 




% 


\ MUINlAl Of CIVICS 


25 


5(). Name three duties of the County Superintendent of Schools. 

1. To apportion school funds. 

2. -To visit schools. 

3. To hold teachers’ institutes. 

57. What is the length of term, of county officers? 

.Judge, six years. County vSuperintendent, Assessor, and 
Commissioners, four years. Others two. 

58. ' When are they elected?' ' , j 

At the regular fall election. 

50. Wlien do they take their seat? i 

On the first Monday in .January. 

00. ’ Discuss three systems of local government in use today. 

1. The Town (township) system originated in New Eng¬ 
land where the town was the center of every interest. 
When the New England,people went west they took 
this system with them into-Michigan, Wisconsin, etc. 

2. The County system prevailed in- the South and was 
carried by southern people into Oregon where it 
prevails. 

3. The mixed or County township prevailed in Pennsyl¬ 
vania and was patterned in Indiana and Kansas. 

01. Define Congressional Township. Where found? 

In the middle west, when the public lands were surveyed 
the> were divided into townships six miles square, eacdi 
containing 36 sections. This was done for convenience 
in mapping and selling, l)ut they were soon adopted for 
local government and calliMl Congressional Townships. 

02. What is a city charter? 

A constitution granted to the city by the legislature of 

the State,. ' .' ' . ’ 

03. Name the departments of a city government. 

Usually a Mayor, a Hoard of Aldermen, and Common 
(A)uncil. 

04. What are the laws of a city’called? ' Ordinances. • 

05. Name some of the administrative departments of cities. 


26 


\ MilM/lL OF CIVICS 


1. Department of Public Works, looks after highways, 
sewers, water supply, etc. 

2. Department of Public Safety, controls policemen, 
firemen, building inspectors, etc. 

3. Department of Health, charities, etc. 

66. Name some other city officers. 

Treasurer, Attorney, Marshall, Recorder (police judge). 

67. What is one conspicuous failure of the United States? 

The government of cities. 

68. Describe two special plans of city government. 

1. The Commission form—A small body elected by the 
voters as a commission to exercise both the legisla¬ 
tive and administrative functions. Each member is 
the head of a department. 

2. The city manager plan—One man is chosen by the 
council or commission to assume entire charge of ad¬ 
ministrative affairs. 

FINANCIAL PROBLEMS. 

1. Define barter. 

Exchange of goods. 

2. Define money. 

Any medium of exchange. 

3. Name some things that have been used for money. 

Gold, silver, copper, paper, tobacco, wheat, oats, barley, 
peas, bacon, pork, beef, fish, flax, wood, sugar, brandy, 
musket-balls and gopher tails. 

4. Name some characteristics of money. 

It should have value in itself, and should bo portable, 
durable, recognizable and divisible. 

5. What is the standard for our currency? 

The gold dollar. 

6. What two pieces of money are no longer coined? 

Gold dollar and silver dollar. 


\ MANUAL or CIVICS 


27 


/ . 


8 . 

9 . 

10 . 

11 . 

12 . 

13. 

14 . 


15 . 


16 . 


At how many mints are coins now made? 

At Philadelphia, New Orleans, Denver, and San Fran¬ 
cisco. 

Name the different kinds of paper money now in use. 

Gold certificates. Silver certificates. United States notes, 
National Bank notes. Federal Reserve notes. 

Define legal tender. 

Any money that must be accepted when offered in pay¬ 
ment of debt. 

Define credit. 

The [giving or receiving of a promise to pay in place of 
actual money payment. 

What part of the business transactions of today is conducted 
on a credit system? 

About ninety-five per cent. 

Define credit instruments. 

The forms of legal papers which are used in giving or ac¬ 
cepting credit. 

Name five credit instruments- 

Book credit, promissory note, check, draft, bill of ex¬ 
change. 

Name some of the services of hanks. 

They receive deposits, lend money, maintain savings de¬ 
partments, discount notes. 

Name two services of clearing houses. 

1. Checks and drafts received by one bank upon an¬ 
other are turned over to the proper institution. 

2, Each bank is kept in touch with the general course C)f 
financial matters in the community. 

Describe the present national banking system. 

In 1913 the Glass-0 wen act w'as passed by Congress, by 
which the country is divided into twelve reserve distric.ts 
in each of which is established a federal reserve bank. 
Every national bank in the country is required to join the 


25 


^ MANim Of CIVICS 


federal reserve system, and hanks ediartered under.State 
' ‘ laws are permitted to join; ■ jv ^ : / 

The reserve hank discounts notes and the like for 
banks that belong in the district', and on tlie basis of these 
’ " notes the reserve hank provides them with'federal reserve 

notes to be used as currency. - ' ^ ; 

Tlie Federal Reserve Board: supervises the whole’sys- 
'• ■ tern. - i I- ; ; :i • ^ ■' • . , ' 

IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL ' Terms. 

1. How do we,comnionIy classify property? . 

Into real and personal. . • 

; 2 . ;(Deline r(?,al property. / • , ^ i ^ ' ■/ 

Everything that is ti.xed nnd permanent in its ^cliaracter, 
as land, etc. . .i'.- ^ / - . e 

3. Detiim personal property. . . ; , . . i 

; , , , All thjit,is movable. ,, 

4. Define stocks. • ^ ^ . 

Certificates of siiares issued )hy corpoi;nti(ms to those-who 
. 1 , [ invest money in ,their business. > , . 

5. Define bonds. 

Promises to pay, inncli like a promissory n()te, issued by 
, a, company or government. , , c-’ 

G. Into what two (dasses are stocks ciften divided? 

I. Preferred stock, whicli carries a fixed,rate of interest 
. vyhichiinust he paid-out of the profits of the business 
. > h^;b)re any otlier payments are made. 

' ' ' 2. Common stock, which receives whatever is left after 

the preferred stock is attended to. 

/. Name three methods of transferring property. - >" -■; 

• ) By wdil, by gift, by sale. 

8. Define warrantyoleed, quit claim deed. 

A warranty deed gives a compleie title to the property. 



\ MAINIAI OF CIVICS 


29 


A quit claim deed gives only what title the seller actually 
possesses. 

9. Name four contracts. 

Deeds, mortgages, postal money orders. 

10. Define bankrupt. 

A person who has been legally declared unable to pay his 
debts. 

TAXES 

1. Define tax. 

Private property taken by the government for public use. 

2. What should be the principle on which taxes are levied? 

A person’s ability to pay. 

3. Into what two great groups are taxes commonly divided? 

Into direct and indirect. 

4. Define direct taxes. 

Those whose burden is intended to be borne by the person 
from whom they are collected. Taxes on buildings, land, 
etc. 

5. Define indirect tax. 

Those whose burden is likely to be borne by other persons 
than those who pay them. A tax on imported goods, and 
most taxes levied by the national government. 

6. Define proportional tax. 

That collected on a fixed percentage basis. 

7. Define progressive or graduated tax. 

That in which the percentage rate increases in accord¬ 
ance with the value of the property. 

8. Define excises, or internal revenue. 

Taxes on gf)ods sold or produced within a country. 

9. Define custnms, duties, or imposts. 

Taxes on goods brought into the country. 

10. Define specific duties. 

Those which lay a definite amount per yard, per dozen, 


3G 


A MAISUAl OF CIVICS 


per pound, etc. 

11. Define ad valorem duties. 

Those which collect a percentage of the value of the 

goods. 

1*2. Name ihree great services which governments perform tliat 
justify the collection of taxes. 

1. Frotective—defense against foreign invasion, and 
suppression of disorder. 

2. Industrial- consirnction of roads, canals, and bridges. 
8. Social — relating to the care of the poor, sick, and in¬ 
sane. 

13. Name three sources of income which the government may 
draw upon. 

1. Sale of land and gifts of citizens. 

2. Taxes, fines, and fees from licences. 

3. Loans. 

14. Define budget. 

A carefully calculated summary of the probable expenses 
for the year with estimates of means to provide revenues 
to meet these expenses, 
io. Define single tax. 

A tax on land only; first proposed by Henry George. 

J(). Distinguish l.etweeu protective tariff and revenue tariff. 

Protective tariff is for the purpose of keeping out certain 
articles and encouraging their manufacture in our own 
country. 

Revenue tariff is merely enough to pay the expenses in¬ 
curred in carrying on the government. 

LABOR AND INDUSTRY. 

1. Name and define the three facJi>rs in production. 

1. Natural resources, land, water, etc. 

2. Laboi—any activity of iiien, physical or mental, 
, which helps in the production of goods. 


A MAINliU Of CIVICS 


51 


J>. Capital—any product of labor that is used for produc¬ 
ing more goods. 

2. State the principle underlying the Workman’s Compensation 
Act. 

It is fairer to put part of the burden upon the whole com¬ 
munity rather than to make the individual worker bear it 
all. 

3. Name some dangerous trades. 

Painting and match making. 

4. Define collective bargaining. 

A trade agreement between the employer and the officers 
of a union. 

5. Define closed shop. 

An understanding by which only members of the union 
will be employed. 

6. Define boycott 

An organized effort to injure the business of any concern. 

7. Define unfair list. 

Names of firms which have refused to comply with de- 
!nands made on them by labor unions. 

8. Define union label. 

A label to be attached to all goods from shops conducted 
in accordance with the wishes of the union. 

9. Name some countries that have adopted compulsory arbi¬ 
tration. 

New Zealand, Australia, and Norway. 

10. What things constitute capital? 

Only the material things produced by industry which are 
embraced under the general term wealth. 

11. Define capital goods. 

The actual things used in production: cars, looms, fur¬ 
naces, elc. 

12. Define corporation. 

A group of individuals authorized by law to act in certain 


32 


\ MAISUAl OF CIVICS 


specified matters as one individual. 

13. Define trust. 

A union of several corporations engaged in similar busi¬ 
ness. 

14. Define monopoly. 

An exclusive privilege to deal in or control the sale of 
certain things. 

15. Name five kinds of monopolies. 

1. Government monopoly—post office. 

2. Private monopoly—patents. 

3. Monopoly of situation or location. 

4. Monopoly of organization --trusts. 

5. Personal monopoly—the village doctor. 

16. Define pooling. 

A scheme by which several railroads running between the 
same cities combine their earnings. 

17. Define rebating. 

Giving back to some favored shipper a part of the money 
he has paid for freight. 

SOCIAL PROBLEMS 

1. Into wliat groups may crimes be classified? 

1. Crime against the State and public order—treason, 
riot, and counterfitting. 

2. Crimes against public health and decency —bigamy, 
blasphemy. 

3. Crimes against the person—murder. 

4. Crimes against property—burglary, arson, and embez¬ 
zlement. 

2. Name the principal causes of ciime. 

Heredity, ignorance, social conditions. 

3. Classify the causes of poverty. 

1. Physical—earthquakes, floods, and grass hoppers. 

2. Individual—sickness, ignorance, laziness. 


A MANUAL OF CIVICS 


35 


3. Social, low wages, war, pahic. 

4. Name four methods of controling the liquor business. 

The dispensary, the license system, local option, prohibi¬ 
tion. 

5. What motives bring European immigrants to America? 

Poor opportunities for earning a living, tyranny of rulers, 
and religious persecution. 

G. To what does the term “Yellow Peril’'apply? 

The immigration of Chinese and Japanese. 

7. How many Indians in our country? 

About 330,000. As many as at the time of Columbus. 

8. Name five reasons why so many are forsaking the farm and 
going to the city. 

Deadly monotony of life, lack of new methods of farming, 
few amusements, bad roads, poor schools. 

9. Describe the Farm Loan System. 

The United States is divided into tw'elve districts with a 
federal land bank in each district. 

In any neighborhood ten or more farmers may combine to 
form a national farm loan association, which may apply 
to the federal land bank in their district for a loan. The 
whole system is under the general direction of a Federal 
Farm Loan Board of five persons. 

10. What was the first real railroad in America? 

The Baltimore and Ohio, begun in 1828. 

11. When was tlie first railroad completed clear across the conti¬ 
nent? 

At Ogden, Utah, in 18G9, was driven the last spike, com¬ 
pleting the Union Pacific and Central Pacific lines from 
Omaha to San Francisco. 

12. State some of the benefits of the three factors—trade, travel, 
and news. 

1. They enable us to be intelligent and to have a better 
understanding of the things that take place all over 



34 


A MANDAI Of CIVICS 


the world. 

/ 2.. They enable the business ihan to execute great enter- 
' ^• -v, prises.• : •'i 

8. 'they l>in'l a CDinmnnity, a nation, and tlve \Vorld lo- 
t gel her and produce a common interest in the things 

: d i;[ . that concern all alike. ... 

13. What is perhaps the greatest single force in our whole his¬ 
tory? ' d . 

That-unresisting movement of our people westward. 

14. Wlnit class of workers will aU\ays he in greatest demand in 
this Country? .Farmers, e-. 

15... liName sxome new. industries that are steadily being introduced 
in school courses. - 

Bookkeeping, stenography, printing, woodworking and 
metalworking, cooking, sewing, and home management. 
1(). What does Professor Clark give as the two causes of the high 
cost of living? ) ^ ' 

The exhausting of natural resources ami the increase in 
the supply of gold. 

IT. Which is in a better position to receive an increase in wages, 
t the>’day laborer or the pcwson who works on a salary? 

The former. 

18. What is the st-indard of Jiving which every family ought to 
maintain? 

Food,5aivd neatly kept clothing in snfhcient amount, pro- 
visions fora real home life, savings for doctor’s billSj pro¬ 
tection against the ‘’rainy day,” and some little amount 
U-y'' for recreaticm and culture. 

19. ' .'.Whatwas Thomas Jefferson’s phrasing of government? 

“That government is l)est which governs least.” 

.20,. What is the'present idea of governments? 

To see to it that every one shall have an equal*chance. 

21. Give some of the arguments in favor of government owner¬ 
ship of railroads. Telegraphs, etc. 

1. It will give the public better service at lower rates. 


i\ MANUAL OF CIVICS 


35-v 


: ;)i 2. It will tend to check the tendency to concentrate 
wealth in the hands of the few. 

3. It will stop the corruption of public officials by pri- 
-V vatx‘ iinoney. f . : ■ . - 

■22. State some arguments against it. 

1. it would add an enormous burden of debt. 

2. It would bring hundreds of thousands more jobs into 
politics. 

3. The pressure would be such that no Civil Service sys¬ 
tem could be upheld, 

23. What is Socialism? 

Socialism today must be studied from magazines and 
newspapers rather than from any text book, but read 
jnany times what your author says about it. The world 
today seems to be rapidly dividing into two great classes 
—Radicals and Conservatives. See Webster’s definition 
and then ask yourself to which class you belong. 

21. What is the most important feature distinguishing the Oregon 
Constitution? 

3 . Direct legislation, or the Initiative. 

.2. The Referendum—the power to approve or reject by 
vote laws passed by the Legislature. 

25. When was the Direct Primary Law passed? In 1904. 

20. Name important facts in connection with the Primary Law. 

1. All political parties ixilling at least twenty-five per 
cent of the entire State vote at the last election are 
required to nominate their candidates by the direct 
primary method. 

2. I’he petition must be signed by two per cent of the 
party in the city, county, or state, as the case may be. 

3. 'I’lie time for holding the primary election is the third 
Friday in May of even numbered years. 

4. Each party has Us.<>wn'ballot, differing in color from 
the others. 


36 


A MANUAL OF CIVICS 


27. Name important facts in connection with tlie Corrupt Prac¬ 
tice Act. 

1. The expencHtures of tlie candidate shall be limited to 
lifteen per cent of the salary of the office sought. 

2. Each candidate must make a sworn statement of his 
expenses within fifteen days after the election. 

3. It is unlawful on election day for any person to at¬ 
tempt to influence the vote of another; to hire vehi¬ 
cles to haul voters to and from the polls; to wear 
any political badge or insignia at the polls; or to 
make any wager at the election. 

28. Who may vote in Oregon? 

Any person twenty-one years of age or over, who has re¬ 
sided in the State six months immediately preceding the 
election. If an alien, he must have resided in th.e 
United States a year, apd must have declared his inten¬ 
tion to become a citizen one year preceding the election. 
An alien woman marrying a citizen may vote. 

29. Discuss voting places. 

In .luly preceding the general election the county court 
divides the county into election precincts, each containing 
not more than three hundred voters. For county officers 
a person must vote in his own precinct; for State officers 
he may vote in any county in the State; for memhers of 
('ongress he may vote in any county in his (Congressional 
District. 









EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS 


CIVIL GOVERNMENT JUNE, 1920 

1. Name one United States Senator from Oregon. How many 
senators is Oregon entitled to; how many is New York entitled to? 

2. Name two laws enacted by the last legislature, and adopted 
by the people at the election on May 21. 

3. Name three successful candidates in your county at the re¬ 
cent primary election ; name two successful candidates for state offices. 

4. Define or explain : franchise; platform; reprieve; copyright; 
impeachment. 

5. Name the departments of our state government; name the 
county judge of your county; who was nominated by the Republican 
party for United States Senator from Oregon at tlie recent primary 
election? 

6. Give a definition of a citizen; who may not be naturalized? 

7. Who supplies the money to maintain the schools; from what 
sources is it derived? 

8. What subjects are included in the course of study of today 
that were not taught when jmur father attended public school? 

9. Name three men seeking the Republican and two the Demo¬ 
cratic nomination for president. 

10. Where will the National Republican convention beheld; 
where the Democratic? 

Jl. Name five powers of the President. 

12. What is a tax? Explain direct and indirect taxes. 

ANSWERS JUNE, 1920 

1. Obas. McNary. Two. Two. 

2. Restoration of Capital Punishaient bill. The Soldiers’, Sail¬ 
ors’ and Marines’ Educational act. 

3. Answers will vary. 

4. Franchise—the right of voting. Platform—declaration of 
principles upon which n parry stands. Reprieve—a delay of punish¬ 
ment. A copyright gives the author of a b )ok the exclusive right to 
publish and sell for a .period of ?8 years, with the privilege of renewing 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAb 


for 14 years. Impeachment is the act of accusing certain liigh officers. 

5. Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. Answers will vary, 
Mr. Stanfield. 

6. Any person born or naturalized in the United States. Chi¬ 
nese, Japanese, and Hindoos. 

7. The government. From interest on the money derived from 
school lands, from gifts, fines, escheats, and taxes. 

8. Perhaps agriculture and industrial work. 

9. Republican—Senator Johnson, Gen. Wood, and Gov. Lowden. 
Democrat—Gov, Cox, Mr. McAdoo. 

10. Republican, Chicago. Democratic, San Francisco. 

11. To pass laws, to coin money, to establish post offices, to reg¬ 
ulate commerce, to borrow money. 

12. Tax is private money taken for public use. Direct tax is 
that assessed on property. Indirect tax is that we pay in pundiasing 
certain goods. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT JANUARY, 1921. 

1. Name three natural resources of the State of Oregon which 
need to be conserved. 

2. Name five important problems of city government. 

8. Mention five of the principal causes of crime. 

4. Why is the United States called ‘'The Melting Pot”*^ 

5. Mention two important questions to be acted on. by the pres¬ 
ent Congress of the United .States. 

fi. What is meant by collective bargaining, boycott, strike, 
closed shop, black list? 

7. Mention five of the most costly items of expense of the 
United States Government. 

8. Mention five things to be considered in choosing a vocation. 

9. Mention five moderri improvements which tend to give coun¬ 
try life equal comforts and conveniences with city life. 

10. What is tn ason? 

J I. Name tw«) just cames for war. 

12. Name five duties of a citizen of the Unite 1 S ates. 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS 


ANSWERS JANUARY. 1921. 

I. Forests, waterpower and scenery. 

Americanization of foreigners, a clean system of govern- 
nienent, a ratiorial system of taxation and finances, a bureau of health, 
a good system of education. 

8. Heredity, ignorance, liquor or drugs, poor home surround¬ 
ings, poverty. 

4. Because our nation is made up of immigrants from so many 
different countries who after the first generation usually speak the 
English and live more or less according to American Standards. 

5. The problem of freedom for the Philippines and the title to 
the Island of Yap. 

6. 1. Bargaining between labor leaders and employers to fix 
hours, wages, etc., for the employed men. 2. An organized effort to 
induce all persons to refuse any dealings with a certain person or firm. 
3. An organized effort to obtain better hours, more pay, etc., by means 
of lefusing to work or let others work. 4. An understanding whereby 
only union membeis are employed at certain shops. 5. A list of firms 
or individuals said to be unfair to organized labor. 

7. The army and navy, salaries of the various officers, interest 
on the national debt, maintenance of highways and roads, 
education, and the maintenance of the Indians. 

8 Is it an honorable occupation; is it dangerous to health or 
life: is the money compensation good; is there chance for advance¬ 
ment, and is it one in which a person can find enjoyment after the first 
enlliusiasrn is passed. 

9. Good schools, good roads, telephones, rural mail delivery, and 
more social activities. 

10. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy¬ 
ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid 
and comfort. 

II. Actual invasion and preservation of honor. 

12. To vote, to render military service, to serve on juries, pay- 
numt of taxes and holding of public office. 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMATS 


CIVIL GOVERNMENT MAY, 1921. 

1. Distinguish between aliens and citizens as to rights, duties, 
and privileges. 

2. Why is education of all the people more important in a re, 
public than in any other form of government? 

3. (a) Give reasons for the formation of political parties, (h) 
What political party is now in control of the affairs of our national 
government? 

4. Name the president and the vice-president of the United 
States. When did these officers take their seats? 

5. Name the ten departments of the president’s cabinet. Name 
two members of the present cabinet. 

6. What are the last four amendments to the Constitution of the 
United States? 

7. By what manner is a person accused of crime brought to 
trial? By what process is guilt or innocence established? 

8. Name five of the county officers and give the principal duties 
of each. 

9. Name some of the evils of unrestricted foreign immigration. 

10. Name four modern conditions that make country life more 
attractive. 

11. Define Initiative ; Referendum; Recall. 

12. Name one of the lueasures to be voted on in Oregon at ilie 
special election June 7, 1921. 

ANSWERS MAY, 1921. 

1. A citizen is any person born or naturalized in the United 
States. He is guaranteed full protection by tlie government at all 
times, and enjoys the various privileges of voting, jury service, and if 
necessary military service. An alien is a foreign-born resident of a 
country who has not given allegiance to its government. Ordinarily he 
receives protection for himself and his property as long as he is in the 
country. He is not compelled to give military service nor has he any 
other rights of citizenship. 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS 


2. Because in a republic the people are directly concerned with 
tlie making of laws. 

3. That people who believe in certain principles and courses 
may have strength eno\igh to carry them through. The Republican. 

4. Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge. March 4, 1921. 

5. See any good textbook of Civics. Charles K. Huglies, Secre¬ 
tary of State, and Arthur W. Mellon, Secretary of Treasury. 

6. The XVI provides for the income tax. The XVII for the 
direct election of Senators. The XVIH for the piohibition of intoxi¬ 
cating liquors. The XIX gives to women the right of suffrage. 

7. The person is arrested in the act or on a warrant. He gets a 
preliminary hearing before a magistrate, and if there is sufficient evi¬ 
dence he is held or allowed to go on deposit of bail. The district at¬ 
torney presents to the Grand Jury the main features of the evidence 
and if they find it sufficient the person is brought to trial. By a trial 
by juVy, 

8. County judge, sheriff, clerk, treasurer, and school superin¬ 
tendent. See text for a list of tlieir duties. 

9. Of having within our country a body of people whose stand¬ 
ards are below the American standard, who make no effort to assimi¬ 
late. 

10. Blotter roads, good schools, the telephone and free mail de¬ 
livery. 

11. The initiative is the power of the people i-o make their own 
laws, 'the referendum gives the people the right to act on a law 
passed on to them l)y the legislature. The n'call allows the people to 
remove from office persons with whom they are dissatisfied. 

12. The Soldiers’ Bonus Bill. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT .JLNE, 1921. 

1. Name the three branches of our national government. 

2. What official is at the head of the national government; the 
state government: the city government? 

3. Name tlie five men who represent Oregon in the national con¬ 


gress. 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS 


4. Name two measures voted on at the recent special election. 

5. Explain how a bill introduced into congress may become a 

law. 

6. Mention three ways that money is obtained to run the na¬ 
tional government. 

7. How often does the state legislature 7neet in regular session? 
Where? 

8. Name five state officials of Oregon and the office filled by 

each. 

9. What is meant by disarmament? 

10. Give three qualifications necessary for a voter in Oregon. 

11. Give two .ways that money is i btained to build state high¬ 
ways. 

12. Name and locate five state institutions. 

ANSWERS JUNE, 1921 

1. Legislative, executive, and judicial. 

2. The President, the Governor, and the Mayor. 

3. In the Senate; McNary and Stanfield. In the House : Haw¬ 
ley, Sinnott and McArthur. 

4. Tlie Bonus Bill for World War Veterans and the bill giving 
women the right to serve on juries. 

5. By passing both houses and being signed by the president. 
If vetoed by the president it may be passed over his veto by a two- 
thirds vote. 

6 By direct taxes, sales and gifts, and loans. 

7. The legislature meets every two years on the second Monday 
in January of the odd numbered years. 

8. Consult a late edition of the Blue Book. 

9. By disarmament is meant limiting the size of armies and 
navies to relieve the nations of the world of the burden of taxation 
necessary to maintain them. 

10. Must be 21 years of age, and must have resided in the State 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAT 


six montlis previous to the election, and must have registered. 

11. By money raised by direct taxation and money raised by the 
sale of bonds. 

12. The Oregon State Penitentiary, The Oregon State Hospital, 
The Industrial School for Boys, The Industrial School for Girls, and 
The Oregon State School for the Deaf, all located in or near the city of 
Salem. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT SEPTEMBER, 1921 

1. Show why government is necessary, and name each one of 
the governments under which you are living. 

2. Why is it absolutely necessary for the people living under a 
rc'publican form of government to i)e educated? 

8. Explain briefly the initiative and referendum. 

I. Do you believe in the direct primary Law? Give reasons for 
your opinion in the matter. 

5. Is our president really nominated by the people‘s Is there any 
necessity for political (conventions now that we have the direct primary 
law? 

6. What reasons can you give for our having two houses in our 
national congress, atid two houses in our State legislature? 

7. What part does our president and our gcwernor have in 
making laws? 

S. Name tlie thre(‘ divisions in both our ?iational and state gov¬ 
ernment, Jind give reasons why tiiey should be kept separate. 

9. Should the qualilications for voters include a test for illiter¬ 
acy? Give reasons for your answer. 

10. Sliould the judges of our courts be elected for life or during 
good behavior.? Give reasons for your answer. 

11. Why is it necessary tha.t our president should be a native born 
citizen of the United States? 

12. Why is it necessary that every boy and girl should make a 
careful study of every detail of our government? 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS 


ANSWP^RS 8P]PTEMBER, 1921 

1. 1. To define and make known the rights of individuals. 2. 
To keep order and protect life and property. 3. To enforce the per¬ 
formance of duties. We live under the government of home, county, 
state and nation. 

2. Because the government comes from the people, and ignorant 
people cannot make good laws. 

3. By the initiative the people make their own laws. By the 
referendum a law is passed hy the legislature and then referred to the 
people for their approval. 

4. One argument for the direct primary is that it removes the 
nomination of candidates from the hands of machine politicians; an 
argument against it is that the people do not take enough interest and 
are not well enough informed to do the matter well. 

5. Tlie president is not nominated by the people. No. 

G. In order that each may act as a check on the other, prevent¬ 
ing hasty legislation. 

7. He either signs or vetoi'S all except tho.se passed upon hy the 
people. 

8. Legislative, executive and judicial. In order that one may 
ch(‘ck the other and prevent unwise laws. 

9. Yes. An ignorant man makes a poor voter. 

10. Many think tln^y should he elected for life, as th(‘y are not 
then influenced in their decisions hy political parties. 

11. It is BO provided hy the (Constitution, so that a president 
would not be easily influenced in favor of his native land. 

12. Because in a few years they are to be the law!nakers. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT JANUARY, 1922 

1. Define: (a) Monarchy; (h). oligarchy; (c) democracy; (d) 
republic. 

2. Give three rights of American citizens; three duties. 

3. Wliat is an alien? Naturalization? 

4. \\ hat does a public library uo for a community? 

5. What is a civic cent(*r? 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAT 


(). Who has a right to vote in Oregon? 

7. What offices compose the President’s cabinet? Name tliree 
men in the present cabinet. 

8. What is international law? 

9. What is meant by the “Farm Loan System?” 

10. What are the qiiabfications of a United States Senator? 

11. What are forest reserves? Why are they needed? 

12. Name the officers in the government of an Oregon county. 

ANSWERS JANUARY, 1922 

1. (a) A monarchy isa government in which the power is exer¬ 
cised by one person; (b) an oligarcliy, by a small group of persons; 

(c) a democracy in which the power is exercised directly by the people; 

(d) a republic in wdiich the j^ower is exercised by the people through 
their representatives. 

2. The right of security to themselves and their property, the 
right of personal liberty, and the right of private property. Three 
duties are to pay taxes, to vote, and to render military service. 

3. An alien is a foreign-born resident of a country wlio has not 
given allegiance to its government. Naturalization is the process by 
which a foreigner renounces allegiance to his native country and pro¬ 
fesses allegiance to a new. 

4. It distributes good reading matter and forms a community . 
center by means of story hours and lectures. 

5. A part of a city around which the public buildings are 
grouped. 

6. Any person twenty-one years old who has resided in Oregon 
six months preceding the election and who has registered. 

7. See any good text of Oivics. Hughes, Mellon, and Weeks. 

8. The rules which determine the conduct of the general body of 
civilized states in their dealings with one another. 

9. A system of money lejuling in which a farmer may borrow up 



EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS 


to 50% of the assessed value of his property for the purpose of im¬ 
provements or paying off a mortgage. The rate of interest is low and 
the term of years is long. 

10. He must be thirty years of age, and nine years a citizen of 
the United States, and a resident of the state from which he is elected. 

11. Tracts of timber lands which have been set aside V)y the gov¬ 
ernment with the idea of conserving them. To conserve the timber 
and protect the sources of streams. 

12. County Judge, and two Commissioners, Sheriff, Clerk, Treas¬ 
urer, Auditor, Assessor, School Superintendent, Coroner, and Surveyor. 




